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6 Board involvement in strategic planning is consistent with trends in governance. Involvement in strategic planning contributes to building a.Serves the Northwest states of Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. Assessment and program evaluation resources.
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Creative Drama Lesson Plans. To help you find just what you need, I\'ve sorted these lessons in a. Drama and Theatre Lessons for Kids: Lessons and Activities for children in kindergarten to grade 1. Kinder. Art . Lessons are always adaptable. BEAN BAGK and up. This exercise demonstrates to the children how important it is to project. Creative Arts The Value of the Arts for Preschoolers. Art should be an integral part of every early childhood program. Arts experiences in preschool not only contribute to children\'s artistic and creative development but also. The Happy Days Preschool Drama program is AMAZING! Each month the students will dress up, practice, and perform many different parts in a play they will practice all month long. This has been a favorite part of the program for. The Principal of the preschool drama program Nicole has a background in childcare, running her own private Before and After school care. She has a Diploma in Professional Counselling. Nicole has been involved in the. Preschool helps young children achieve school readiness and acquire needed learning skills. Learn about Bright Horizons preschool curriculum and programs! Music and Movement Activities in Early Years. Students demonstrate what it’s like to attend Drama School at YPT. The Preschool program is Licensed for Children from 2.5 years to 5 years of age. PRESCHOOL ONE PROGRAM – DAILY ROUTINE. Preschool - Language Arts, Drama, picture books: Read stories and make your own endings. Early Learning at Home 930 views. Based in the eclectic, inner city suburb of Hamilton, Newcastle, NSW. Play-Ground Theatre Company, Inc. Preschool Drama Program Question and Answer Information Guide.
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Programs, Colleges, Degrees, Courses, Classes, Certification, Training. Subject id: 1. 97, School id. Boston University School of Medicine, or BUSM, has about 730 students and is affiliated with Boston Medical Center, a nearby teaching. There are also special programs like the Early Medical School Selection Program.Biomedical Sciences, General. Levels offered: Masters, PhD Clinical. Medical Programs in Boston Boston University. Masters and Post Bac Programs. Special Masters Program; New York Medical College. UMDNJ M.S in Biomedical Sciences Dental Scholars Program; Boston University Medical Sciences. Why was the Special Master\'s Program. The Chicago Medical School Boston University is a leading private research institution with two primary campuses in the heart of Boston and programs around the world. Program Support; Where Are We? Pipeline Programs Help Get Undergrads to Medical School. Pipeline Programs Help Get Undergrads to Medical School. Similar to the program at UNM.
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Nj Smart Growth Program In Wisconsin
NJ SMARTAbout this Site. The New Jersey Department of Education\'s NJ SMART website links users to important updates and information occurring within NJ SMART. Within this site, you will find information about NJ SMART\'s background, submissions, and features. By accessing this site you acknowledge that the work completed within NJ SMART is subject to the rules and requirements of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) regarding the confidentiality of student records and the Federal Privacy Act regarding employee records collected by Federal agencies. Any suspected unauthorized use of this site should be reported immediately to NJ SMART at 8. Smart Growth Areas in New Jersey. Smart Growth Areas in New Jersey (16 July 2009). Published by NJ Department of Community Affairs Office of Smart Growth. Source: www.nj.gov/dca/divisions/osg/resources/gis.html. Call for Session Proposals; Conference Tours; Continuing Education. Conference sponsorship opportunities offer many ways to interact with participants and underscore your commitment to smart growth and sustainable. Questions and Assistance. Questions about NJ SMART can be directed to the NJ SMART Help Desk by calling (8. NJSMART@pcgus. com. \n
Microsoft Excel 2. Download. Excel 2. Microsoft Excel File Format Excel Versions 2, 3, 4. Download PDF http:// Excel version MS Windows Release year Apple. Welcome to Excel Easy. We offer a tutorial (Introduction, Basics. Excel VBA (Visual Basic for Applications) is the name of the programming language of Excel. Our Microsoft Office classroom training for MS Office basics covers topics in Excel. Download PDF of Page Details. Excel Basic; Excel Intermediate. Office 2. 01. 3. Excel has always been an immensely powerful application, if you know how to use it. Microsoft specifically targeted ease of use for Excel 2. When users input data, Excel 2. If the data is comprehensive enough, it will even analyze it and present an option to make a Pivot. Table automatically. There is also a new feature called Flash Fill, which will help put badly formatted data into something comprehensible. Data will be sorted into the appropriate columns for you. This takes so much work out of manually organizing your data that Flash Fill may be the killer feature for those deciding whether to upgrade to Excel 2. One big improvement in Excel 2. There are little, quick animations that mimic those found in Windows Phone 8, helping to make the program feel less clinical. The animations aren\'t distracting and help guide your focus to what Excel is currently doing. The ribbon interface stays but has been tweaked to be more usable. This article demonstrates how to set the proper project reference to the Excel type library for Visual Basic.NET and provides sample code to automate. Basic Computer Skills Module 5 Introduction to Microsoft. Finally show students the Introduction to Microsoft Excel 2010. Module 5 Introduction to Microsoft. Convert PDF to Excel with PDF2XL Basic 6.5. Convert PDF files of any size and almost any type with PDF2XL! Icons are different colors and grouped nicely. There is a new option in Excel 2. Microsoft account. Setting up Excel 2. While Excel 2. 01. Microsoft has done an outstanding job with Excel 2. Excel on a daily basis should upgrade. Clicking the download button will take you to the Microsoft site, from where you can follow the instructions to download and install the preview.
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Dawn of War Dark Crusade Mod install and Mod Manager. In this tutorial i show how to install mods for dawn of war dark crusade and how to use the.Dawn of War - Dark Crusade v1.20 Patchfree full download. Dawn of War - Dark Crusade v1.20 Patch - - HTML, Button: Rating: 3.2 (70 votes) Rate: Warhammer. Dawn of War: Dark Crusade Bugfix Mod Dawn of War mod. To promote Dawn of War: Dark Crusade Bugfix Mod. Dark Crusade Bugfix Mod v26.1 Dec 3 2013 Patch. Warhammer 4. 0,0. Dawn of War – Dark Crusade GAME PATCH v. Download. Warhammer 4. Dawn of War – Dark Crusade GAME PATCH v. Downloadversion: v. THQ has released a patch updating Dawn of War: Dark Crusader from v. It adds new maps, tweaking the various factions, and fixing bugs and crashes. The patch needs to unpack the game archives, modify them and then pack them again. While it does that it\'ll eat up space, previous patches used around 3 GB. This is only temporary and the space will be freed up after the patch is installed. Patch 1. 2 Notes. Global. Health bars for all races now display the accumulated health when there are multiple members in a squad. Health bar damage color coding will now properly update based on percentage of damage suffered. Increased the stealth detection radius on Relics by 1. Word Bearers Skin Pack, Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II: Retribution: Dark Angels Pack, Warhammer. Alright, Dawn of War Dark Crusade. Browse Dawn of War: Dark Crusade Bugfix Mod for Dawn of War files to download full releases. Dawn of War: Dark Crusade Bugfix. Increased the stealth detection on Critical Locations by 2. All races now have Power decay. All flamer weapons have 7. Starting resources of Quick- Start mode have been increased. Requisition has been increased from 5,0. Necron Power has been increased from 1. Thermo Plasma Generators now require Tier 2. Increased accuracy on the move from 1. Deleting completed HQ, Barracks, and Power Generators now return 1. Significantly decreased the Tier 3 infantry damage vs. The upgrade bonuses have been added to the base Possessed Marine unit. Decreased Possessed Space Marines damage against buildings and vehicles. Eldar. Reduced Seer Council damage against building and vehicles. Bone Singers now spawn with the Teleport ability half charged. Increased the cost of Rangers from 4. Decreased the morale damage done by the Grav Tank Star Cannon by 1. Increased the disruption radius of Vypers from 4 to 6. Increased the range of the Vyper Missile vertical traverse. Farseer Hero research and Farseer Veteran research now increases Guardian Warlock health by 1. Increased squad hold capacity of Falcon Grav Tanks from 1 to 2. Fire Dragons now require 2 slots in a transport. Slightly decreased Ranger damage vs. Commander Armor. Tech. Soul Shrine requisition cost has been reduced by 5. Mobilized for War Research moved from the Soul Shrine to the HQ. Support Platform now requires an Aspect Portal. Dark Reapers. Enhanced Optics upgrade now gives more damage and range to Dark Reapers. Dark Reaper knife penetration to Infantry Medium reduced from 4. Banshee. Modified Call of War research to account for the Banshee Tier 1 health upgrades (Tier 2 Banshees still have the same health). Morale regeneration rate set to 1. Increased Banshee Tier 1 health by 1. Increased Banshee Exarch Tier 1 health by 1. Harlequins. Harlequins Kiss damage is now capped at 4. Decreased their population cap from 2 to 1. Harlequins can now detect infiltrated units. Its stealth detection radius was changed to 3. Grav Platforms have been reworked. Moved from Tier 2 to Tier 3. Acceleration and turning speeds have been adjusted. No longer affected by cover. No longer attach to squads. Turbo Boost ability was removed. Armor type has been changed to Vehicle Low. Each Grav Platform type has a squad limit of 3. The Bright Lance on Grav Platforms has been reworked. Any unit being damaged by the Bright Lance takes 7. Their damage increase debuff no longer stacks. Setup time was changed to 2 seconds. The Bright Lance itself now does moderate damage to vehicles. The Shuriken Cannon on the Grav Platform has been reworked. Now does area of effect damage. Any unit being damaged by the Shuriken Cannon now suffers from a movement speed penalty. Warp Spiders. Reduced the Warp Spider’s damage to vehicles. Reinforced Armor Upgrade health bonus for Warp Spiders decreased from 2. Enhanced Reinforced Armor Upgrade health bonus for Warp Spiders decreased from 4. Imperial Guard. Increased the damage of garrisoned- building weapons by 2. Reduced the damage the Heavy Bolter Turret does to buildings. Battle Armor upgrade now increases the Guardsmen Sergeants’ health by 1. Execute ability no longer affects heavy weapons in Guardsmen and Kasrkin squads. Increased the health of Kasrkin from 3. Tech. Tier 2 Requisition Upgrade income bonus reduced from 2. Mars Pattern Command armor type changed to Building Medium. The Tier 3 HQ upgrade now requires a Mechanized Command. Heavy Bolter Turret now requires either an Infantry Command or a Tactica Control. Reduced the cost of the Tactica Control from 1. Curse of the Machine Spirits ability has been reworked. No longer changes the vehicle’s armor type. Now immobilizes the target vehicle for a short time. Shuts down all weapons on the target vehicle for a short time. Weapon Specialization has been fixed. Damage bonus no longer applies to Guardsmen Grenade Launchers twice. Rather, it applies once to Guardsmen Grenade Launchers and once to Kasrkin Grenade Launchers. Decreased the Plasma Gun damage bonus from 1. Heavy Weapon Specialization upgrade now increases the max number of heavy weapons per Guardsmen squad from 3 to 5. Assassin. Assassin melee penetration to buildings reduced by 5. Significantly decreased the damage the Assassin does to Commander Armor. Assassination Scope no longer increases the Assassin’s line of sight. Infiltrate is now a research that comes from the Tactica Control. Basilisk. Decreased its max speed from 2. Increased its reload time from 6 to 9. Heavy Weapons Team. Lascannon damage has been increased by 1. Decreased the build time of weapon upgrades. Slightly decreased Heavy Bolter damage to buildings when entrenched. Hellhound. Decreased the initial damage of the Hellhound’s Let it Burn ability from 1. Reduced the Hellhound accuracy on the move penalty from 4. Priest. Priest’s morale and health bonuses will now stack with other bonuses. Priest’s morale now recovers at 5. Ogryn. Increased their health from 6. Decreased their Ripper Gun’s melee damage to buildings and vehicles. Armor type was changed from Monster Medium to Infantry Heavy High. No longer benefit from the Execute ability. Sanctioned Psyker. Decreased the backfire chance of the Strip Soul ability from 1. Decreased Strip Soul’s penetration damage to Commander Armor from 7. Decreased the damage of the Strip Soul ability from 3. Necron. Increased Heavy Destroyer damage against all vehicle types. Significantly increased the damage of Pariahs to Monster Medium armor, making them a more effective counter to Krootox. Necrons now have visual effects indicating Necron Warrior and Wraith upgrades. Tech. When a Monolith becomes a Fully Restored Monolith, it no longer loses its control group binding. Decreased the second Necron Power research cost from 7. Decreased the first Necron Power research cost from 4. Increased Necron Summoning Core’s armor from 0 to 1. Flayed Ones. Are now available after building a Summoning Core. Are now morale immune. Decreased Flayed Ones special attacks damage to buildings. Necron Lord. Added a visual for the Lightning Field ability. Lightning Field now charges twice as fast. Lightning Field also charges additionally when the Necron Lord inflicts melee damage. Decreased the radius of the Lightning Field ability from 1. Decreased the damage of the Lightning Field ability by 5. Decreased the amount of health units receive when resurrected by the Resurrection Orb ability from 5. Resurrection Orb is now limited to +2. Decreased Chronometron cool down from 9. Increased the cool down of Night Bringer from 1. Increased the cool down of Solar Pulse from 6. No longer receives a health bonus for each Tier 3 Monolith present in the game. Necron Warrior. Decreased their accuracy on the move from 1. Disruption Field upgrade no longer increases the range of Necron Warriors. Slightly decreased the Necron Warrior damage against buildings and vehicles. Decreased the health bonus of the Disruption Field upgrade. Teleports will fail when Necron Warriors get knocked down, but the ability will no longer become greyed out. Wraith. Wraiths are now morale immune. Decreased the Wraith Claw damage against some buildings. Now begin with an ability that reduces ranged damage by 4. This ability is always active. Wraithflight upgrade now increases ranged damage reduction by an additional 4. Wraithflight no longer grants a health bonus. Decreased initial health from 6. Slightly decreased the Wraith’s chance to sync kill. Ork. Decreased the cost of the Killakan from 1. Reduced Ork buildings’ turret damage against Infantry High. Tech. Nob, Nob Leaders, and Stormboy Nob Leaders now receive an armor upgrade from the Tier 4 vehicle upgrade rather than Super . The more units that are in a squad, the higher the benefit. A speed bonus has been added to the ability. A health regeneration bonus has been added to the ability. Decreased the minimum number of Orks needed to start the bonus from 1. Morale immunity is still area effect and is not confined to individual squads. Waaagh Banner. Decreased its infiltration detection radius from 3. Big Guns upgrade now increases the infiltration detection radius from 2. Big Mek. Decreased its cost from 1. Decreased its Keen Sight base value from 2. Is affected by the Waaagh Charge ability when attached to squads. Flash Gitz. Decreased their morale regeneration rate from 5. Significantly decreased their damage against vehicles and buildings. Can now enter transports. Can now benefit from the Waaagh Charge’s damage bonus. Gretchin. Their maximum squad size has been decreased to 5. Their health has been increased from 5. Slugga Boy Burnaz. Slugga Boy Burnaz now require 2. Increased Slugga Boy Burnaz from 2. Slightly increased the damage of Slugga Boy Burna damage to Building Low. Stormboyz. Reduced Stormboyz damage to buildings by 2. Increased Stormboyz health from 2. Stormboyz Nob Leaders no longer take up pop after they are killed. Stikk Bombs now have a minimum damage of 2. Mad Dok. Increased its cost to 7. Increased its training time from 1. Mad Dok’s Burna Bomb. The Burna Bomb no longer explodes when deleted. Destroying the Burna Bomb before the countdown has expired also prevents the bomb from going off. Increased the minimum damage of Burna Bombs to 5. Changed the Burna Bomb armor type to Building Low.
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The Complete Guide is ALQURANSahih Bukhari. Sahih al- Bukhari (Arabic. These. prophetic traditions, or. Persian Muslim scholar. Muhammad ibn Ismail al- Bukhari. The Arabic word sahih. Sahih Muslim Book 15 - Oath.pdf. Search Hadith; Daily Learning; Sahih Bukhari; Sahih Muslim; Maliks Muwatta; Shama-il Tirmidhi; Fiqh-us Sunnah; Abu. You can download this free software from here http:// Download article as PDF . Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (saws) in English and Arabic. Sahih al-Bukhari is a collection of hadith compiled by Imam Muhammad al-Bukhari. Sahih Bukhari E-book is the English Translation of the famous collection by Imam Bukhari (194 A. Sahih Bukhari E-book; Sahih Bukhari E-book Free. Translation of Sahih Bukhari Translator: M. Please read our introduction to this collection (listed below by book number). Revelation; Belief; Knowledge. Download Sahih Bukhari. Download Sahih Bukhari and Shahih Muslim in Urdu and English (pdf files) Patna residents: Apply for Manager (Male), RAHBAR. Sahih Bukhari Sahih al-Bukhari. Volume 1 (PDF File 45.45 MB) Volume 2 (PDF File 40.96. Download Sahih Bukhari in English. Check Sahih Bukhari Urdu yourself and give. Seriously guys?It must be add free.
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American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Director of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing Programs. Director of the Master of Science and Post- Master’s Certificate Programs in Nursing Education. Aquinas College in Nashville, Tennessee invites applications and nominations for two positions: Director of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing Programs, and the combined position of the Dean of the School of Nursing and Director of the Master of Science and Post- Master’s Certificate Programs in Nursing Education. Director of the BSN Programs. The Director provides leadership and facilitates collaboration, coordination, and supervision for its new and innovative community population- centered Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) and Registered Nurse to Bachelor of Science in Nursing (RN- BSN) Programs. Has anyone here applied for Aquinas College\'s Nursing Program for Fall 2013? Does anyone know how long it takes to hear back? I am a current student there, so I am hoping current - pg.The duties of the Director include programs, services, faculty, staff, students, and affiliating agencies of the School in accord with the Catholic and Dominican mission and its strategic plan, Vision 2. For a full position description and requirements, visit the position listing on the Aquinas College website. Dean, School of Nursing and Director of Graduate Programs in Nursing Education. The Dean is the chief academic officer of the School of Nursing and is responsible for providing leadership, vision, coordination, and supervision necessary for setting strategic, operational and financial directions for all programs, services, faculty, staff and students of the School in accord with the Catholic and Dominican mission and its strategic plan, Vision 2. As MSN Director, the Dean also provides leadership and facilitates collaboration, coordination, and supervision for the competency- based Master of Science and Post- Master’s Certificate Programs in Nursing Education. For a full position description and requirements, visit the position listing on the Aquinas College website. How to Apply. Interested applicants should submit a Curriculum Vitae, references, and cover letter by mail to: Frank Hatcher, Ph. D, Chair. School of Nursing Search Committee. Harding Pike. Nashville, Tennessee 3. AA/EOEposted april 2. Hi, I\'ve been accepted to aquinas college and will begin in fall 2011. I was told that nursing program is very competitive. I haven\'t been accept in the nursing program yet. I plan to take A&P. Aquinas College announced today a multi-year transition plan for its School of Nursing, under which it will phase out its associate degree track and transition to a bachelor\'s program. The School of Nursing will admit two more. The University of Detroit Mercy (UDM) offers a 4-year baccalaureate program in nursing at Aquinas College (AQ). This unique partnership with Aquinas College and Mercy Health Saint Mary\'s provides the opportunity to complete. Information about Aquinas College nursing program reviews, registering in a technical degree program, and taking free practice tests online. Concentration in a medical field entails a lot of study, but the rewards are impressive. Science, Nursing, Math & Kinesiology AQDay - Friday, November 11, 2016 If you are a high school student interested in pursuing a career in science (biology, chemistry, medicine, physics, geography, environmental studies. College Nursing Program? The primary mission of Aquinas College is to provide an atmosphere of learning permeated with faith, directed to the intellectual, moral and professional formation of the human person.
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A chargeback occurs when a cardholder contacts their bank to dispute the charge for an order placed on Amazon.com. Chargebacks are also known as \'charge disputes\' and. A-to-z Guarantee and Chargeback FAQs for. Find best value and selection for your Buyer disputes Ebay claims Paypal claims search on eBay. World\'s leading marketplace. Learn which purchases through PayPal’s online Purchase Protection program are covered, giving buyers peace of mind. Schutz und Sicherheit beim Kaufen und Verkaufen. K. Melden Sie uns das Problem und wir pr. Sie haben einen neuen Artikel gekauft, aber einen gebrauchten bekommen. Wesentliche Bestandteile fehlen und der Verk. Die heruntergeladene App funktioniert nicht wie beschrieben. Melden Sie uns das Problem und wir helfen Ihnen. So geht K? Sie haben bis zu 1. Tage nach der Zahlung Zeit, das Problem zu melden. Kommt es zu keiner Einigung, k. Wir helfen Ihnen, Ihr Konto zu sch. Melden Sie uns das Problem und wir pr. Buyer-Seller Dispute Resolution System (DRS) In this. The concept of a REALTOR We require a valid email address so that we can communicate important program information to each registered organization. Buyer Pays Amazon Payments. When payment is received, it will be verified and secured into a non-interest bearing trust account until the Buyer inspects the vehicle. Consumer Disputes; Buyer/Seller Disputes. Homebuyer/Homeseller Dispute Resolution. Optional Agreement: The Residential Real Property Arbitration program is a. Buyer-Seller Dispute Mediation Program Intake Form. The SMDRA Buyer-Seller Dispute Mediation Program has been designed to implement the mediation clause presently in. What is the Pay with Amazon Buyer Dispute Programme? We want you to buy with confidence when you use Pay with Amazon. However, disputes between buyers and sellers. Wenn Ihr Antrag berechtigt ist, erhalten Sie den gesamten Kaufpreis. Alle Details finden Sie in unserer Verk. Sie erhalten dann von uns eine E- Mail. In Ihrem Pay. Pal- Konto k. Dazu haben Sie 2. Tage Zeit. Tipps. Beschreiben Sie Ihre Artikel m. Gehen Sie insbesondere auf den Zustand des Artikels sowie eventuelle Defekte oder Auff. Versenden Sie aussschlie. You can find an overview of our policies here. All policies, the Mobile Devices Terms, and the User Privacy Notice are incorporated into this User Agreement. You agree to comply with all of the above when accessing or using our Services. The entity you are contracting with is e. Bay Inc., 2. 02. 5 Hamilton Ave., San Jose, CA 9. United States. In this User Agreement, these entities are individually and collectively referred to as . It also contains an Agreement to Arbitrate, which will, with limited exception, require you to submit claims you have against us to binding and final arbitration, unless you opt out of the Agreement to Arbitrate (see Legal Disputes, Section B (. 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An Introduction to Behavioral Economics . To learn more about the subject, please download our free Behavioral Economics Guide 2. Behavioral Economics Guide 2. By Alain Samson, Ph. D. Think about the last time you purchased a customizable product. Perhaps it was a laptop computer. Quantitative Techniques: Reasoning with Statistics PLA4208 Fall 2007 Lecture: Wednesdays 9:00 – 11:00 (Avery 114) Lab Sections: Wednesday & Thursday 4:00 – 6:00. Drug Residue Avoidance Resources. UW Extension Dairy Team Drug Residue Avoidance Resources Preventing drug residues in milk and meat requires constant vigilance from. Preface Writing an introduction to economics is both easy and hard. It’s easy because in one way or another we are all economists. No one, for example, has to. An Introduction To Economic Reasoning Pdf EditorIntroduction to Ethics In the world today, “we are in the throes of a giant ethical leap that is essen-tially embracing all of humankind” (Donahue, 1996, p. Introduction & Basic Concepts I Nature of economics. Working Paper Series, 20 How the Arts Impact Communities: An introduction to the literature on arts impact studies Prepared by Joshua Guetzkow. NETWORK ORIGINS OF AGGREGATE FLUCTUATIONS 1981 to as the degree of sector j, corresponds to the share of j’s output in the input supply of the entire economy. Important Note About the Course Descriptions The official College Board Course Descriptions are available in Adobe PDF format and can be opened by clicking the link. You may have decided to simplify your decision making by opting for a popular brand or the one you already owned in the past. You may then have visited the manufacturer’s website to place your order. But the decision making process did not stop there, as you now had to customize your model by choosing from different product attributes (processing speed, hard drive capacity, screen size, etc.) and you were still uncertain which features you really needed. At this stage, most technology manufacturers will show a base model with options that can be changed according to the buyer’s preferences. The way in which these product choices are presented to buyers will influence the final purchases made and illustrates a number of concepts from behavioral economic (BE) theories. First, the base model shown in the customization engine represents a default choice. The more uncertain customers are about their decision, the more likely it is that they will go with the default, especially if it is explicitly presented as a recommended configuration. Second, the manufacturer can frame options differently by employing either an . In an add mode, customers start with a base model and then add more or better options. In a delete frame, the opposite process occurs, whereby customers have to deselect options or downgrade from a fully- loaded model. Past research suggests that consumers end up choosing a greater number of features when they are in a delete rather than an add frame (Biswas, 2. Finally, the option framing strategy will be associated with different price anchors prior to customization, which may influence the perceived value of the product. If the final configured product ends up with a . Sellers will engage in a process of careful experimentation to find a sweet spot—an option framing strategy that maximizes sales, but set at a default price that deters a minimum of potential buyers from considering a purchase in the first place. Rational Choice. In an ideal world, defaults, frames, and price anchors would not have any bearing on consumer choices. Our decisions would be the result of a careful weighing of costs and benefits and informed by existing preferences. We would always make optimal decisions. In the 1. 97. 6 book The Economic Approach to Human Behavior, the economist Gary S. Becker famously outlined a number of ideas known as the pillars of so- called . The theory assumes that human actors have stable preferences and engage in maximizing behavior. The decade of the 1. Prospect Theory. While economic rationality influenced other fields in the social sciences from the inside out, through Becker and the Chicago School, psychologists offered an outside- in reality check to prevailing economic thinking. Most notably, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman published a number of papers that appeared to undermine ideas about human nature held by mainstream economics. They are perhaps best known for the development of prospect theory (Kahneman & Tversky, 1. Our willingness to take risks is influenced by the way in which choices are framed, i. Have a look at the following classic decision problem: Which of the following would you prefer: A) A certain win of $2. B) A 2. 5% chance to win $1. How about: C) A certain loss of $7. D) A 7. 5% chance to lose $1. Tversky and Kahneman’s work shows that responses are different if choices are framed as a gain (1) or a loss (2). When faced with the first type of decision, a greater proportion of people will opt for the riskless alternative A), while for the second problem people are more likely to choose the riskier D). This happens because we dislike losses more than we like an equivalent gain: Giving something up is more painful than the pleasure we derive from receiving it. Bounded Rationality. Long before Tversky and Kahneman’s work, 1. Scholars during the neoclassical revolution at the turn of the 2. Camerer, Loewenstein and Rabin, 2. The importance of psychologically informed economics was later reflected in the concept of . According to this view, our minds must be understood relative to the environment in which they evolved. Decisions are not always optimal. There are restrictions to human information processing, due to limits in knowledge (or information) and computational capacities (Simon, 1. Kahneman, 2. 00. 3). Gerd Gigerenzer’s work on “fast and frugal” heuristics later built on Simon’s ideas and proposed that the rationality of a decision depends on structures found in the environment. People are “ecologically rational” when they make the best possible use of limited information- processing abilities, by applying simple and intelligent algorithms that can lead to near- optimal inferences (Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1. While the idea of human limits to rationality was not a radically new thought in economics, Tversky and Kahneman’s . About 3. 0 years later, their thinking entered the mainstream, resulting in a growing appreciation in scholarly, public, and commercial spheres. Limited Information: The Importance of Feedback. Bounded rationality’s principle of limited knowledge or information is one of the topics discussed in the 2. Nudge. In the book, Thaler and Sunstein point to experience, good information, and prompt feedback as key factors that enable people to make good decisions. Consider climate change, for example, which has been cited as a particularly challenging problem in relation to experience and feedback. Climate change is invisible, diffuse, and a long- term process. Pro- environmental behavior by an individual, such as reducing carbon emissions, does not lead to a noticeable change. The same is true in the domain of health. Feedback in this area is often poor, and we are more likely to get feedback on previously chosen options than rejected ones. The impact of smoking, for example, is at best noticeable over the course of years, while its effect on cells and internal organs is usually not evident to the individual. Traditionally, generic feedback aimed at inducing behavioral change has been limited to information ranging from the economic costs of the unhealthy behavior to its potential health consequences (Diclemente et al., 2. More recent behavior change programs, such as those employing smartphone apps to stop smoking, now usually provide positive and personalized behavioral feedback, which may include the number of cigarettes not smoked and money saved, along with information about health improvement and disease avoidance.“Irrational” Decision Making: The Example of the Psychology of Price. Boundedly rational choices, made due to limits in our thinking processes, especially those we make as consumers, are illustrated well in Dan Ariely’s popular science book Predictably Irrational. One study asked participants whether they would buy a product (e. They were then asked about the maximum they would be willing to pay. In the case of cordless keyboards, people in the top 2. The experiment demonstrates anchoring, a process whereby a numeric value provides a non- conscious reference point that influences subsequent value perceptions (Ariely, Loewenstein, & Prelec, 2. Ariely also introduces the concept of the zero price effect, namely when a product is advertised as . A free chocolate is disproportionately more attractive relative to a $0. Finally, price is often taken as an indicator of quality, and it can even serve as a cue with physical consequences, just like a placebo in medical studies. One experiment, for instance, gave participants a drink that purportedly helped mental acuity. When people received a discounted drink their performance in solving puzzles was significantly lower compared to regular- priced and control conditions (Shiv, Carmon, & Ariely, 2. Predictably Irrational and Nudge alerted the public to a new breed of economists influenced by the study of behavioral decision making that was pioneered by Kahneman and Tversky’s work (sometimes referred to as . The psychology of homo economicus—a rational and selfish individual with relatively stable preferences—has been challenged, and the traditional view that behavior change should be achieved by informing, convincing, incentivizing or penalizing people has been questioned (Thaler & Sunstein, 2. The field associated with this stream of research and theory is behavioral economics (BE), which suggests that human decisions are strongly influenced by context, including the way in which choices are presented to us. Behavior varies across time and space, and it is subject to cognitive biases, emotions, and social influences. Decisions are the result of less deliberative, linear, and controlled processes than we would like to believe. Dual- System Theory. Daniel Kahneman uses a dual- system theoretical framework (which established a foothold in cognitive and social psychology of the 1. System 1 consists of thinking processes that are intuitive, automatic, experience- based, and relatively unconscious. System 2 is more reflective, controlled, deliberative, and analytical. Judgments influenced by System 1 are rooted in impressions arising from mental content that is easily accessible. System 2, on the other hand, monitors or provides a check on mental operations and overt behavior—often unsuccessfully. Availability and Affect. System 1 is . System 1 processes influence us when prior exposure to a number affects subsequent judgments, as evident in the anchoring effects discussed previously (Tversky & Kahneman, 1. One of the most universal heuristics is the availability heuristic. Availability serves as a mental shortcut if the possibility of an event occurring is perceived as higher simply because an example comes to mind easily (Tversky & Kahneman, 1. |
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